Prompting is not magic words. It is giving a very capable, very literal colleague the context they need. Here is how it works, what actually changes the output, and 47 prompts you can copy today.
Learn these and most prompting advice becomes obvious. Each one is distilled from how the labs themselves describe their models.
The prompt is the whole context
The model only knows what is in front of it. Everything it sees shapes the answer, not just your last message.
A language model predicts a response from everything in its context window: the system prompt, any documents, tool results, earlier turns and your latest request. If a fact, preference or constraint is not in that window, the model does not know it.
That is why the same question gets better answers in a well-set-up project than in a blank chat. Good prompting is less about magic words and more about giving the model the right material to work with.
Missing context is the top cause of bad output.
Old turns keep influencing new answers.
Start fresh when a conversation goes off track.
If you remember five things
1A prompt is everything the model sees: instructions, context, examples and the conversation so far. Treat all of it as the prompt.
2Clarity beats cleverness. Say what you want, who it is for, why it matters and what good looks like.
3Examples are the strongest single lever. Two good examples often outperform a page of rules.
4Modern reasoning models need less hand-holding on how to think and more precision on what to deliver.
5Prompts are software: test them on real inputs, keep the ones that work, and change one thing at a time.
Interactive prompt anatomy
Take a great prompt apart.
Each coloured part does a job. Click one to see what it contributes, or switch it off to watch the predicted output fall apart.
Click a part to inspect it. Toggle the eye to remove it.
The prompt
You're writing as our head of product, in a warm, plain-spoken voice. Write the launch email for Offline Mode, going to all 40,000 customers on Tuesday. Our users are field technicians who lose signal in basements and on rooftops; offline sync has been the #1 request for two years. Match the tone of last year's email: <example>Starting today, photos upload in the background, so you can close the app and get on with the job.</example> Keep it under 150 words, no exclamation marks, and don't promise a date for the Android version because it isn't confirmed. Give me three subject lines, then the email body, then a one-line preview text. A great email makes a technician think 'finally' in the first sentence.
Perspective
Impact
Sets voice and point of view. Useful, but the weakest part of this prompt on its own.
Predicted output quality
100/100
Full prompt
What you tend to get
Subject options: 1) Lost signal? Keep working. 2) Offline Mode is here 3) The basement problem, solved
Starting today, you can keep working when the signal drops. Jobs, photos and signatures save on your device and sync the moment you're back online, with no lost work and no re-entry.
You asked for this more than anything else, and we took the time to get it right…
Preview: Jobs and photos now save offline and sync automatically.
What moves the needle
Influence, ranked.
Not all prompt elements are equal. On 2026 frontier models, context and examples dwarf personas, shouting and magic phrases. Open any row for a weak and strong example.
Tells the model what to optimise for. Without it, the model optimises for a generic, safe answer.
Weak
Write something about our new feature.
Strong
Write a 120-word changelog entry announcing offline mode. Success: a busy user understands what changed and why they should care in one read.
Tip: End your brief with one sentence describing what a great result looks like.
Influential phrases
Short phrases that reliably change behaviour. Swap the braces for your details.
Honesty
“If you're unsure, say so instead of guessing.”
Cuts confident hallucinations and invites calibrated answers.
“Quote the relevant passage before answering.”
Grounds answers in your documents and makes them checkable.
Scope
“Only use the information provided.”
Keeps the model from mixing in outside or outdated knowledge.
“Don't change anything outside {{scope}}.”
Prevents helpful but unwanted extra edits.
“Ask me up to three questions before you start.”
Surfaces missing context on ambiguous tasks.
Quality
“Before answering, list the requirements and check each one.”
Self-verification catches missed instructions.
“Give me two options and recommend one.”
Turns vague advice into a decision with a rationale.
“Write it for {{audience}} who will {{action}}.”
Calibrates depth, tone and vocabulary automatically.
Structure
“Return only the {{artifact}}, with no preamble.”
Clean, paste-ready output.
“Answer first, then explain.”
Front-loads the useful part for busy readers.
“Use this exact format: …”
Stable structure across many runs.
Reasoning
“Consider at least two approaches before choosing.”
Reduces anchoring on the first idea.
“What would make this answer wrong?”
Prompts a critique pass that exposes weak assumptions.
“Work through it carefully; accuracy matters more than speed.”
Encourages deeper reasoning on hard problems.
Techniques
From first prompt to expert briefs.
Filter by level. Impact bars show how much each technique typically improves results when it fits the task.
Novice
Clear zero-shot instructions
Ask directly, with the goal, audience and format spelled out. Most tasks need nothing more.
1Lead with the action verb.
2Add who it is for and why.
3Specify the output format and length.
Use when: Everyday tasks where the model already knows how to do the work.
Beginner
Few-shot examples
Show two to five input and output pairs so the model learns the pattern.
1Pick diverse, high-quality examples.
2Wrap each in <example> tags.
3Include one edge case.
Use when: Classification, extraction, house style and any task with a specific format.
⚠ Models copy examples closely. Vary them or the output will be monotonous.
Beginner
Context dump, then ask
Paste the documents, background and constraints first, then ask the question at the end.
1Put long material at the top.
2Tag each document with its source.
3Place the question and instructions last.
Use when: Questions about long documents, research synthesis, contract review.
Beginner
Structured output
Specify the exact output shape: a table, headings, or JSON that matches a schema.
1Describe every field and its type.
2Use the API's JSON schema mode for code.
3Give one filled-in example.
Use when: Anything a program will parse, or reports that must look the same every time.
Intermediate
XML tags and sections
Separate instructions, context, examples and data with named tags.
1Use descriptive tag names.
2Refer to tags by name in instructions.
3Nest tags for hierarchy.
Use when: Long or reusable prompts, and whenever pasted content could be mistaken for instructions.
Beginner
Ask clarifying questions first
Invite the model to ask what it needs before it starts.
1Describe the task briefly.
2Ask for up to three questions.
3Answer, then let it proceed.
Use when: Ambiguous or high-stakes tasks where you are not sure what context matters.
Intermediate
Prompt chaining
Break a big task into steps, each with its own prompt, feeding outputs forward.
1Split into stages: research, outline, draft, edit.
2Check each output before the next step.
3Keep each prompt focused on one job.
Use when: Complex deliverables where single prompts drop details.
Intermediate
Self-critique and revision
Ask the model to review its own draft against criteria, then improve it.
1Generate a draft.
2Critique it against an explicit rubric.
3Revise using the critique.
Use when: Writing, code and analysis where quality matters more than speed.
Intermediate
Reasoning effort, not scripts
On reasoning models, raise the effort setting and describe the goal instead of prescribing steps.
1Select a higher reasoning or effort level.
2State constraints and success criteria.
3Ask for a final self-check.
Use when: Math, debugging, planning and analysis on Opus 5.5, GPT-6, Gemini 4 and similar models.
⚠ Detailed step-by-step scripts can make reasoning models worse.
Intermediate
Quote-first grounding
Make the model extract supporting quotes before it answers.
1Ask for relevant quotes in <quotes> tags.
2Then answer using only those quotes.
3Say 'not found' if none apply.
Use when: Q&A over documents where accuracy and traceability matter.
Intermediate
Meta-prompting
Ask a strong model to write or improve the prompt for you.
1Describe the task, audience and pitfalls.
2Ask for a prompt with examples and format.
3Test and refine the result.
Use when: Starting a new prompt, or improving one that underperforms.
Advanced
Self-consistency
Run the same prompt several times and take the majority or best answer.
1Sample three to seven answers.
2Compare final answers.
3Use the consensus, or have a model judge.
Use when: High-stakes reasoning where an occasional error is costly.
⚠ Multiplies cost and latency.
Advanced
Rubric-based evaluation
Use a model as a grader with an explicit, specific rubric.
1Write criteria with concrete pass and fail examples.
2Ask for reasoning before the score.
3Spot-check grades against humans.
Use when: Automated evals, content QA and comparing prompt versions.
Advanced
Contrastive examples
Show a bad example next to a good one and explain the difference.
1Pair a weak and a strong output.
2Label which is which.
3Explain what makes the strong one better.
Use when: Teaching style and judgement that is hard to describe.
Advanced
Response prefill
Start the model's answer for it to lock in format or skip preamble.
1Supply the first characters of the response via the API.
2Use '{' for JSON or a heading for reports.
3Keep the prefill short.
Use when: Strict formats in API use, when structured output modes are not available.
⚠ Not supported in every API or with every reasoning mode.
Expert
Long-horizon task briefs
For agents and multi-hour tasks, write a brief with goals, state files and verification rules.
1Define the end state and how to verify it.
2Tell the agent to keep progress notes in a file.
3Set budgets and when to stop and ask.
Use when: Coding agents, research agents and any run longer than a few minutes.
Beginner
Image prompting
Describe subject, setting, composition, lighting, style and any text, in plain sentences.
1Lead with the subject and action.
2Add camera, lens or medium for style.
3Put exact text in quotes.
Use when: Any text-to-image model; modern ones prefer natural sentences over keyword lists.
Intermediate
Video prompting with shot language
Write like a director: shot type, camera motion, action beats, lighting and sound.
1Specify shot type and camera move.
2Describe the action in sequence.
3Add ambient sound and dialogue cues.
Use when: Veo, Sora, Kling, Runway and other text-to-video models.
Prompting by model
Every model has a personality.
The fundamentals transfer, but each model has quirks. Here is the single most useful tip for each leader; the full profiles have ideal prompts to copy.